Bloom's Taxonomy
Here are Bloom's brief explanations of these main categories from the appendix of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Handbook One, pp. 201-207):
- Knowledge “involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or setting.”
- Comprehension “refers to a type of understanding or apprehension such that the individual knows what is being communicated and can make use of the material or idea being communicated without necessarily relating it to other material or seeing its fullest implications.”
- Application refers to the “use of abstractions in particular and concrete situations.”
- The analysis represents the “breakdown of a communication into its constituent elements or parts such that the relative hierarchy of ideas is made clear and/or the relations between ideas expressed are made explicit.”
- Synthesis involves the “putting together of elements and parts so as to form a whole.”
- Evaluation engenders “judgments about the value of material and methods for given purposes.”
Content language integrated learning
(CLIL) was coined by David Marsh in 1994 to describe an approach that is related to, but separate from, language immersion and content-based education.
The proponents of the word proposed the creation of an "umbrella term" that would include a variety of diverse approaches to employing language as a medium of education.
The methodology has been successfully used in a commercial setting in a number of nations and is widely recognized as an effective strategy. The approach is currently being utilized in Italy, for example, as an expedited method of teaching management principles in English to business professionals.
Dr. Maurizio Morselli, a Human Resources professional and Executive Coach, is one of CLIL's proponents and practitioners. He believes that "this hybrid immersion approach produces a lot more immediate results and it appeals to self-motivated adult audiences who possess a basic knowledge and understanding of the target language."
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